An international team of researchers has developed a method to identify and forecast hotspots for some of the most dangerous scorpion species on Earth.
By examining environmental conditions, the scientists determined which factors allow highly venomous scorpions to survive and spread — insights that could help reveal where scorpion stings are most likely to occur in tropical regions around the world.
To reach their conclusions, the team combined field research in Africa with advanced computer modeling. This approach allowed them to estimate where high risk scorpion species are most likely to live and which environmental features shape their distribution.
Their results revealed a clear pattern — soil type is the primary factor influencing where most scorpions are found, while temperature, including both average levels and seasonal variation, plays an important role for certain species.
Not all scorpions respond to their environment in the same way. Some species are flexible and occupy large areas. Others appear limited to very specific habitats, creating concentrated zones where the risk of stings may be especially high.
The project was led by researchers from the University of Galway in collaboration with the University Ibn Zohr in Morocco.
Published in Environmental Research Communications, the study focuses on central Morocco, one of the world’s most severe scorpion sting hotspots. The findings are intended to support prevention strategies and aid the development of improved diagnostic tools and antivenoms.
Dr. Michel Dugon, Head of the Venom Systems Lab at University of Galway and senior author of the study, said: “The findings could save lives. By pinpointing where dangerous scorpions are most likely to appear, health authorities can target awareness campaigns, train frontline medical staff, and focus community prevention in high-risk areas, especially protecting children. The approach can be applied wherever scorpions pose a threat, from Brazil to the Middle East and India.”
Scorpion Stings as a Global Health Threat
Scorpion stings are an often overlooked public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. More than 2 million people are stung every year. While many cases cause pain and swelling, some species inject venom that can trigger severe illness and even death, especially in children and older adults. Worldwide, scorpion stings are estimated to kill more than 3,000 children each year.
Although antivenoms are available for several species, doctors frequently face a major challenge. It can be difficult to determine which scorpion delivered the sting, making it harder to provide the most effective treatment quickly.
Ecological Modeling and Maximum Entropy Mapping
To address this gap, the researchers used a computer based mapping method known as Maximum Entropy. This tool helped them predict where dangerous scorpions are likely to live and which environmental conditions they favor.
By integrating globally available information on soil composition, temperature, and other habitat characteristics, the team demonstrated how high risk scorpion areas can be identified beyond Morocco. This is particularly valuable in tropical regions where detailed records of species distribution are limited.
The research involved senior scientists and doctoral researchers from both universities, with additional support from University of Galway undergraduate students who travel to Morocco each year as part of their Bachelor of Science Zoology programme.
Dr. Dugon added: “Overall, we know very little about the ecology of scorpions, their venom and the best way to treat scorpion stings. Our international collaborative efforts aim to develop new tools for the prevention, diagnostic and treatment of scorpion stings globally. This requires multidisciplinary teams including public health specialists, clinicians, zoologists, and members of local communities.”
Fouad Salhi, doctoral researcher at the University Ibn Zohr of Agadir and first author of the study, said: “This research shows how biodiversity data can inform public health policies. By combining long-term fieldwork with ecological modelling, we were able to identify where dangerous scorpions are most likely to occur. We aim to have real-world impact — supporting prevention strategies, improving medical preparedness, and ultimately contribute to the reduction of the burden of scorpion stings, both in Morocco and beyond.”
Dr. Colin Lawton, Head of Zoology at University of Galway and co-author of the study, said: “University of Galway is gaining momentum as a centre of excellence in zoological research, addressing questions of global importance, from fish stock to mammal conservation and animal-borne disease mitigation. We are very proud to integrate our BSc Zoology students into our research activities and international partnerships.”
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